J. D. Annan and J. C. Hargreaves Research Institute for Global Change, Yokohama, Japan Received: 11 September 2012 – Published in Clim. Past Discuss.: 10 October 2012 Revised: 23 January 2013 – Accepted: 23 January 2013 – Published: 13 February 2013 Clim. Past, 9, 367–376, 2013 www.clim-past.net/9/367/2013/ doi:10.5194/cp-9-367-2013 © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License.