Fig. 1. Modern El Ni˜no precipitation anomalies, isotope localities,
and reconstructed Pliocene conditions. Anomalous annual El Ni˜no
precipitation calculated with CMAP precipitation data from 1979–
2008; CMAP precipitation data provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL
PSD, Boulder, CO, USA, from their Web site at http://www.esrl.
noaa.gov/psd/. Purple stars show isotope record localities used in
this study. Blue circles represent reconstructions of wetter-thanmodern
Pliocene conditions, and red circles represent reconstructions
of drier-than-modern Pliocene conditions.