Fig. 3. Time series of AMOC intensity anomalies following the MWP, expressed as a fraction of the long-term control mean. The MWP of 2.5 Sv for one year was added at Model year 1. AMOC intensity is defined as the maximum value of the overturning streamfunction below 500 m water depth (excludes shallow wind-driven overturning). Heavy lines are decadal averages. Vertical lines on the right show the 2-sigma range of interannual variability in the control simulations, and are not shown for ModelE-R since only 30 yr control averages are available.